Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(2):online
See related article on iron deficiency anemia.
What is iron deficiency anemia?
Anemia (ah-NEE-me-uh) is a condition that affects your red blood cells. These cells carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of your body. Hemoglobin (HEE-moh-glow-bin) is the protein in red blood cells that allows them to carry oxygen. Your body needs iron to make hemoglobin.
People who have anemia don't have enough hemoglobin. The most common cause of anemia is when your body doesn't make enough hemoglobin because it doesn't have enough iron. This is called iron deficiency anemia.
What causes it?
Some children with iron deficiency anemia do not get enough iron in their diet, but this is not a common cause in adults. In women, heavy blood loss during menstrual periods can cause iron deficiency anemia. In men and postmenopausal women, it can be a warning sign of ulcers or cancer.
How do I know if I have it?
People with iron deficiency anemia often do not have any symptoms. As the condition gets worse, you might feel tired or dizzy, have trouble catching your breath, have a fast heartbeat, or have unusual cravings (such as for ice). It is important to talk to your doctor if you think you have anemia. He or she will need to do a blood test.
Who should be screened for it?
All children should be tested before their first birthday. Pregnant women should be screened at their first prenatal visit.
How is it treated?
The first step is to find out what is causing the iron deficiency. Men and postmenopausal women may need to have their stomach and intestines examined to make sure that they do not have any hidden bleeding. This is especially important in older adults because colon cancer can cause iron deficiency anemia. Premenopausal women will be examined for gynecologic causes. Pregnant women and children with iron deficiency should take iron pills.
How can I keep from getting it?
Some causes of iron deficiency anemia can be prevented. If you aren't getting enough iron in your diet, try eating small amounts of meat or other foods high in iron (such as dried apricots, prunes, nuts, lima beans, spinach, and broccoli). Babies can have formula with extra iron, and can start eating iron-fortified foods at four to six months of age. Pregnant women can take prenatal vitamins that contain a small amount of iron.
Where can I get more information?
Your doctor
AAFP's Patient Education Resource
Mayo Clinic
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
