Study	Study population	Treatment	Endpoint(s)	Outcomes (95% confidence interval)	Comments
Alpha Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Trial (ATBC)23 *24 †	29,133 male smokers; follow-up for 6 years	Vitamin E, 50 IU per day	MI or stroke	No effect for primary prevention	Vitamin E dose lower than observed as protective in most observational studies
				RR: 0.62 (range: 0.41 to 0.96) for nonfatal MI if past history of MI
	Same as above	Beta carotene, 20 mg per day	MI or stroke	No significant effect	Trend toward increased risk
Physician's Health25 *	22,071 men; follow-up for 12 years	Beta carotene, 50 mg every other day	MI or stroke	No effect	—
Beta Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET)26 *	18,314 men/women; follow-up for 4 years	Beta carotene, 30 mg per day plus vitamin A, 25,000 IU per day	Death—any cause; cardiovascular death	Marginal increases in risk for both outcomes	—
Chinese Ca Prevention27 *	29,584 men/women; follow-up for 5 years	Vitamin E, 30 IU per day, plus beta carotene, 15 mg per day	Cardiovascular death	No significant effect	Vitamin E dose low; trend toward fatal stroke protection
	Same as above	Vitamin C, 120 mg per day	Cardiovascular death	No effect	—
Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study(CHAOS)28 †	2,002 men/women with CHD; follow-up for 1.5 years	Vitamin E, 400 to 800 IU per day	Fatal or nonfatal MI	RR: 0.27 (0.11 to 0.47), (nonfatal MI only)	No effect on fatal MI
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation(HOPE)29 †	9,541 men/women with CVD; follow-up for 4.5 years	Vitamin E, 400 IU per day	MI, stroke or cardiovascular death	No effect on any of these three outcomes	—
GISSI-Prevenzione30 †	11,324 men/women secondary prevention after recent MI; follow-up for 3.5 years	Vitamin E, 300 mg per day‡	MI, stroke or cardiovascular death	No effect on any of these three outcomes	Also studied n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which were protective