Rheumatic conditions (prevalence) |
Rheumatoid arthritis (50 to 90%) |
Systemic lupus erythematosus (15 to 35%) |
Sjögren's syndrome (75 to 95%) |
Systemic sclerosis (20 to 30%) |
Cryoglobulinemia (40 to 100%) |
Mixed connective tissue disease (50 to 60%) |
Nonrheumatic conditions |
Aging |
Infection: bacterial endocarditis, liver disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, viral infections (especially mumps, rubella and influenza), parasitic diseases |
Pulmonary disease: sarcoidosis, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis, asbestosis |
Miscellaneous diseases: primary biliary cirrhosis, malignancy (especially leukemia and colon cancer) |