Tumor marker	Normal value	Primary tumor(s)	Additional associated malignancies	Benign conditions	Level above which benign disease is unlikely	Sensitivity
CA 27.291,2	< 38 units per mL	Breast cancer	Colon, gastric, hepatic, lung, pancreatic, ovarian, and prostate cancers	Breast, liver, and kidney disorders, ovarian cysts	> 100 units per mL	Elevated in about 33% of early-stage breast cancers and about 67% of late-stage breast cancers
CEA3,4	< 2.5 ng per mL in nonsmokers < 5 ng per mL in smokers	Colorectal cancer	Breast, lung, gastric, pancreatic, bladder, medullary thyroid, head and neck, cervical, and hepatic cancers, lymphoma, melanoma	Cigarette smoking, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, hypothyroidism, cirrhosis, biliary obstruction	>10 ng per mL	Elevated in less than 25% of early-stage colon cancers and 75% of late-stage colon cancers
CA 19-95	< 37 units per mL	Pancreatic cancer, biliary tract cancers	Colon, esophageal, and hepatic cancers	Pancreatitis, biliary disease, cirrhosis	> 1,000 units per mL	Elevated in 80% to 90% of pancreatic cancers and 60% to 70% of biliary tract cancers*
AFP6	< 5.4 ng per mL	Hepatocellular carcinoma, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors	Gastric, biliary, and pancreatic cancers	Cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, pregnancy	> 500 ng per mL	Elevated in 80% of hepatocellular carcinomas
						Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: see β-hCG below
β-hCG7,8	< 5 mIU per mL	Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, gestational trophoblastic disease	Rarely, gastrointestinal cancers	Hypogonadal states, marijuana use	> 30 mIU per mL7	AFP or β-hCG elevated in 85% of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors; elevated in only 20% of early-stage nonseminomatous germ cell tumors
CA 1259–11	< 35 units per mL	Ovarian cancer	Endometrial, fallopian tube, breast, lung, esophageal, gastric, hepatic, and pancreatic cancers	Menstruation, pregnancy, fibroids, ovarian cysts, pelvic inflammation, cirrhosis, ascites, pleural and pericardial effusions, endometriosis	> 200 units per mL11	Elevated in about 85% of ovarian cancers; elevated in only 50% of early-stage ovarian cancers
PSA12–14	< 4 ng per mL for screening Undetectable level after radical prostatectomy	Prostate cancer	None	Prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatic trauma, after ejaculation	> 10 ng per mL12	Elevated in more than 75 percent of organ-confined prostate cancers14