| Clinical criteria supported by laboratory tests, synovial fluid analysis, and radiographs help to establish the presence of spondyloarthropathies. | C | 4,5,7 |
| Initial management begins with NSAIDs | C | 8 |
| Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) may be an effective second-line agent that provides short-term relief. | B | 9–11 |
| Early trials indicate that tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors such as etanercept (Enbrel) and infliximab (Remicade) are effective in treating inflammatory symptoms. | B | 17,18 |
| Despite the possibility of a bacterial etiology in reactive arthritis, antibiotic therapy has been ineffective. | B | 23 |
| Second-line treatment of psoriatic arthritis (after NSAIDs have failed) includes systemic corticosteroids, methotrexate (Rheumatrex), sulfasalazine, cyclosporine (Sandimmune), and tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. | B | 1,28–30 |