TypeCharacteristics
Diastolic dysfunctionNormal myocardial contractility, left ventricular volume, and ejection fraction; impaired myocardial relaxation; diminished early diastolic filling
Systolic dysfunctionAbsolute or relative impairment of myocardial contractility, low ejection fraction
High output heart failureBounding pulses, wide pulse pressure, accentuated heart sounds, peripheral vasodilatation, increased cardiac output and ejection fraction, moderate four-chamber enlargement
Low cardiac output syndromeFatigue, loss of lean body mass, prerenal azotemia, peripheral vasoconstriction, reduced left or right contractility
Right heart failureDependent edema, jugular venous distention, right atrial and ventricular dilatation, reduced right-sided contractility
Left heart failureDyspnea, pulmonary vascular congestion, reduced left-sided contractility
Biventricular failureDyspnea, dependent edema, jugular venous distention, pulmonary vascular congestion, bilateral reduced contractility