| Diplopia; dysconjugate gaze (i.e., both eyes cannot fix to an object at the same time); ptosis | Cranial nerves III, IV, or VI palsy; extraocular muscle paresis or paralysis |
| Eyelid laceration | Associated globe perforation; damage to the lacrimal drainage system or levator muscle |
| Intact contralateral direct reflex and contralateral consensual reflex; loss of ipsilateral consensual reflex and ipsilateral direct reflex | Oculomotor nerve (i.e., efferent nerve) dysfunction on one side |
| Intact contralateral direct reflex and ipsilateral consensual reflex; loss of contralateral consensual reflex and ipsilateral direct reflex | Optic nerve (i.e., afferent nerve) dysfunction on one side |
| Orbit and cheek deformity; tenderness over the supraorbital ridge or frontal bone | Step-off fracture of orbit |
| Pupillary reflex visual field testing (i.e., the confrontation visual field examination) abnormality | Defect in visual pathway |
| Sudden vision loss | Central retinal artery occlusion; retinal detachment; retinal hemorrhage |
| Unilateral vision loss with Marcus Gunn's pupillary phenomenon* | Defective pupillary response indicates optic nerve dysfunction or retinal detachment; unilateral loss of vision without Marcus Gunn's pupillary phenomenon indicates that the lesion is somewhere other than on the optic nerve or retina |