Idiopathic (nonspecific, probably viral) |
Infectious causes |
| Viruses: coxsackievirus A and B, hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, measles virus, mumps virus, varicella virus |
| Bacteria: gram-positive and gram-negative organisms; rarely, Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Fungi (most common in immunocompromised patients): Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida species, Histoplasma capsulatum |
| Echinococcus granulosus |
Noninfectious causes |
| Acute myocardial infarction* |
| Aortic dissection |
| Renal failure† |
| Malignancy: breast cancer, lung cancer, Hodgkin's disease, leukemia, lymphoma by local invasion |
| Radiation therapy (usually for breast or lung cancer) |
| Chest trauma |
| Postpericardiotomy |
| Cardiac procedures: catheterization, pacemaker placement, ablation |
| Autoimmune disorders: mixed connective tissue disorder, hypothyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, spondyloarthropathies, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis |
| Sarcoidosis |
Medications |
| Dantrolene (Dantrium), doxorubicin (Adriamycin), hydralazine (Apresoline; brand not available in the United States), isoniazid (INH), mesalamine (Rowasa), methysergide (Sansert; brand not available in United States), penicillin, phenytoin (Dilantin), procainamide (Procanbid), rifampin (Rifadin) |