What are the benefits and risks of starting antiepileptic drug treatment after a single seizure?
Trade-off between benefits and harms	Antiepileptic drugs
What are the effects of monotherapy in newly diagnosed partial epilepsy?
Likely to be beneficial	Carbamazepine*
	Lamotrigine*
	Phenobarbital*
	Phenytoin*
	Sodium valproate*
	Topiramate*
What are the effects of monotherapy in newly diagnosed generalized epilepsy (tonic-clonic type)?
Likely to be beneficial	Carbamazepine*
	Lamotrigine*
	Phenobarbital*
	Phenytoin*
	Sodium valproate*
	Topiramate*
What are the effects of additional treatments in persons with drug-resistant partial epilepsy?
Beneficial	Addition of second-line drugs (allopurinol, esclicarbazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, losigamone, oxcarbazepine, retigabine, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, or zonisamide)
What is the risk of relapse in persons in remission when withdrawing antiepileptic drugs in partial or generalized epilepsy?
Trade-off between benefits and harms	Antiepileptic drug withdrawal
What are the effects of behavioral and psychological treatments in persons with partial or generalized epilepsy?
Likely to be beneficial	Educational programs
Unknown effectiveness	Biofeedback
	Cognitive behavior therapy
	Family counseling
	Relaxation plus behavioral modification therapy
	Relaxation therapy
	Yoga
What are the effects of surgery in persons with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy?
Likely to be beneficial	Amygdalohippocampectomy*
	Temporal lobectomy*
	Vagus nerve stimulation as adjunctive therapy for drug-resistant partial seizures
Unknown effectiveness	Lesionectomy
What are the effects of surgery in persons with drug-resistant generalized epilepsy?
Unknown effectiveness	Hemispherectomy