What are the effects of starting antiepileptic drug treatment after a single seizure?
Trade-off between benefits and harms	Antiepileptic drugs
What are the effects of monotherapy in partial epilepsy?
Likely to be beneficial	Carbamazepine*
	Gabapentin*
	Lamotrigine*
	Levetiracetam*
	Phenobarbital*
	Phenytoin*
	Sodium valproate*
	Topiramate*
What are the effects of additional treatments in persons with drug-resistant partial epilepsy?
Beneficial	Addition of second-line drugs (allopurinol, eslicarbazepine, gabapentin, lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, losigamone, oxcarbazepine, retigabine, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, or zonisamide)
What is the risk of relapse in persons in remission when withdrawing antiepileptic drugs?
Trade-off between benefits and harms	Antiepileptic drug withdrawal for persons with partial or generalized epilepsy in remission
What are the effects of behavioral and psychological treatments in persons with generalized or partial epilepsy?
Likely to be beneficial	Educational programs
Unknown effectiveness	Biofeedback
	Cognitive behavior therapy
	Family counseling
	Relaxation plus behavior modification
	Relaxation therapy
	Yoga
What are the effects of surgery in persons with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy?
Likely to be beneficial	Amygdalohippocampectomy*
	Temporal lobectomy*
	Vagus nerve stimulation as adjunctive therapy for drug-resistant partial seizures
Unknown effectiveness	Lesionectomy