| Antihypertensives |
| Alpha-adrenergic antagonists | Decrease sphincter tone, causing stress incontinence |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | May increase coughing, causing stress incontinence |
| Calcium channel blockers | Relax the bladder, causing retention and overflow incontinence |
| Diuretics | High urine flow that leads to bladder contractions, causing urge incontinence |
| Pain relievers |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | Increase fluid retention, causing nocturnal diuresis and functional incontinence |
| Opioids | Relax the bladder, causing fecal impaction, sedation, retention, and overflow incontinence |
| Skeletal muscle relaxants | Inhibit bladder contractions, causing sedation, retention, and overflow incontinence |
| Psychotherapeutics |
| Antidepressants, antiparkinsonian agents, antipsychotics | Inhibit bladder contractions, causing retention and overflow incontinence |
| Sedatives and hypnotics | Lead to sedation and impaired cognition, causing functional or overflow incontinence |
| Others |
| Alcohol | Leads to diuretic effect and depressed central inhibition, causing urge incontinence, overflow incontinence, or both |
| Antihistamines, anticholinergics | Inhibit bladder contractions, causing sedation, retention, and overflow incontinence |
| Medications for urinary urgency | Inhibit bladder contractions, causing sedation, retention, and overflow incontinence |
| Thiazolidinediones | Increase fluid retention, causing nocturnal diuresis and functional incontinence |
