| Delayed sleep phase syndrome | Late sleep onset and wake-up time | Bright light therapy in the morning, low-dose melatonin in the evening |
| Insomnia | Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, daytime sleepiness with inability to nap, daytime impairment (e.g., difficulty with memory, concentration, attention; worry about sleep; mood disturbance; irritability) | Cognitive behavior therapy, benzodiazepine receptor agonists |
| Narcolepsy | Excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hallucinations upon falling asleep or awakening | Modafinil (Provigil) or stimulants, gamma hydroxybutyric acid (sodium oxybate [Xyrem]), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | Snoring, witnessed apneas, gasping or choking, excessive daytime sleepiness | Continuous positive airway pressure |
| Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder | Motor activity during sleep, acting out of dreams, polysomnography showing increased muscle tone | Clonazepam (Klonopin) or melatonin |
| Restless legs syndrome | Uncomfortable sensation (e.g., “creepy crawly,” aching) in both legs, symptoms are worse in the evening, improve with movement such as walking or stretching | Dopaminergic agonists |
