Intervention type | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Physician or nurse advice | Individual or group-based counseling | Telephone and mobile phone–based interventions | Psychosocial intervention in pregnant persons | |
Intervention recipient | Adult smokers motivated to quit | Adult smokers, regardless of motivation to quit |
| Pregnant smokers |
Behavior change goals and techniques | Specific advice varied but generally included a verbal stop smoking message Most often, advice was given along with print materials, additional advice from health care staff, or a referral to a cessation clinic | Typically included review of smoking history and motivation to quit, help in the identification of high-risk situations and the generation for problem solving strategies, and nonspecific support and encouragement Many group-based sessions included cognitive behavioral therapy. Initial sessions focused on discussion of motivation for quitting, health benefits, and strategies for planning a quit attempt | Telephone counseling and mobile phone–based interventions were generally tailored to participants' smoking history and readiness to quit and focused on increasing motivation and likelihood of quitting | Cognitive behavioral, motivational, and supportive therapies that include counseling, health education, feedback, financial incentives, and social support |
Intervention intensity | Often a single session lasting less than 20 minutes (with or without print materials) plus up to 1 follow-up visit between 1 week and 3 months later | Often 1 face-to-face session with follow-up over 1 week to 4 months later Individual-based counseling given during 1 face-to-face session with multiple follow-up sessions in person or via telephone Group-based counseling delivered over 6 to 8 sessions | Varied from 2 weeks to 1 year, with most taking place over 3 to 4 months Telephone counseling: 1 to 12 calls 10 to 20 minutes per call, although the first calls were often longer Occurred during scheduled telephone calls that began after smokers had first called a smoking quit line Mobile phone–based: Fewer than 2 messages per day every day over the course of the intervention Used text messaging | Recruited during first prenatal visit or during second-trimester visit and continued through late pregnancy Frequency and intensity varied. Counseling ranged from a single session < 5 minutes to several sessions up to 4 hours per session and has been increasing over time |
Interventionist | Physicians (e.g., general practitioners, family practice) or nursing staff | Smoking cessation specialists, often with backgrounds in social work, psychology, psychiatry, health education, and nursing | Telephone counseling provided by professional counselors or trained health care professionals Text messages were developed and administered through computer expert–generated systems | Varied |
Practice settings | Primary care or hospital settings | Hospital or smoking cessation clinic settings | Virtual via telephone or mobile phone; a few studies provided face-to-face support | Women's health clinic or smoking cessation clinic |
Examples of interventions and materials used in studies†,‡ | Intervention: Morgan, et al.,15 1996 Material used: Clear Horizons: A Quit Smoking Guide Especially for Those 50 and Over (Orleans, et al.,16 1989) Intervention: Canga, et al.,17 2000 Materials used: Based on How to Help Your Patients Stop Smoking: A National Cancer Institute Manual for Physicians18 and the orientation of the Mayo Nicotine Dependence Center19 | Intervention: Weissfeld, et al.,20 1991 Material used: Clearing the Air: How to Quit Smoking and Quit for Keeps (National Cancer Institute,21 1987) Other interventions: Fiore, et al.,22 2004 Glasgow, et al.,23 2000 | Intervention: Bock, et al.,24 2013 Material used: American Lung Association guide (Strecher, et al.,25 1989) Intervention: Orleans, et al.,26 1991 Material used: A Lifetime of Freedom from Smoking (American Lung Association,27 1980) Intervention: McBride, et al.,28 1999 Material used: Clearing The Air: Quit Smoking Today (National Cancer Institute, 2008 [https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/clearing-the-air]) Other interventions: Curry, et al.,29 1995; Ellerbeck, et al.,30 2009; McClure, et al.,31 2005 | Intervention: Rigotti, et al.,32 2006 Material used: Solomon and Quinn,33 2004 Intervention: Windsor, et al.,34 2011 Materials used: Ask-Advise-Assess-Arrange SCRIPT,12,35–37 including a video,38 guide to quit smoking,39 and a ≤ 10-minute counseling session40 Other interventions: Bullock, et al.,41 2009; Lee, et al.,42 2015; Pollak, et al.,43 2013; Stotts, et al.,44 2009 |
Demonstrated benefit§ | Increases the rate of smoking cessation at 6 months or more Physician advice: 1.76 (95% CI, 1.58 to 1.96). Some evidence suggests that providing additional follow-up is more effective Nurse advice: 1.29 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.38) | Increases the rate of smoking cessation at 6 months or more Individual counseling: RR, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.34 to 1.64) Group-based therapy: RR, 1.88 (95% CI, 1.52 to 2.33) | Increases the rate of smoking cessation at 6 months or more Telephone counseling (provided after smoker calls quit line): RR, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.19 to 1.61) Telephone counseling (other settings): RR, 1.25 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.35) Mobile phone–based interventions: RR, 1.54 (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.00) Some evidence that interventions were more effective for smokers who were motivated to quit | Increases smoking cessation in late pregnancy: RR, 1.35 (95% CI, 1.23 to 1.48) Interventions more effective when counseling was more intensive, augmented with messages and self-help materials tailored for pregnant women, and included messages about the effects of smoking on both maternal and fetal health with strong advice to quit as soon as possible Health education, without counseling, was not effective |