Disorder	Symptoms and signs	Most effective treatment
Problems falling asleep
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder	Delayed sleep onset and late wake-up time	Melatonin before bed and bright light therapy at awakening for adolescents
Insomnia	Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, daytime sleepiness with inability to nap, daytime impairment	Cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia, benzodiazepine receptor agonists
Behavior and movement disturbances during sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder	Motor activity during sleep, acting out of dreams, polysomnography showing increased muscle tone	Behavior modification, clonazepam (Klonopin), melatonin
Restless legs syndrome	Uncomfortable sensation in both legs, symptoms are worse in the evening, improve with movement such as walking or stretching	Nonpharmacologic treatments, alpha-2-delta ligands, dopamine agonists
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Narcolepsy	Excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hallucinations when falling asleep or awakening	Modafinil (Provigil), armodafinil (Nuvigil), stimulants, gamma hydroxybutyric acid (sodium oxybate [Xyrem]), pitolisant (Wakix), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (venlafaxine, fluoxetine [Prozac], clomipramine [Anafranil])
Obstructive sleep apnea	Snoring, witnessed apneas, gasping or choking, excessive daytime sleepiness	Positive airway pressure therapy