Venes D. Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 23rd ed. FA Davis; 2017.
Shakil A, Aparicio K, Barta E, et al. Inguinal hernias: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2020;102(8):487-492.
Shian B, Larson ST. Abdominal wall pain: clinical evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(7):429-436.
Chamberlain R. Hip pain in adults: evaluation and differential diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(2):81-89.
Frasca DJ, Jarrio CE, Perdue J. Evaluation of acute pelvic pain in women. Am Fam Physician. 2023;108(2):175-180.
Weir A, Brukner P, Delahunt E, et al. Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(12):768-774.
Mercurio M, Corona K, Galasso O, et al. Soccer players show the highest seasonal groin pain prevalence and the longest time loss from sport among 500 athletes from major team sports. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2022;30(6):2149-2157.
Short SM, MacDonald CW, Strack D. Hip and groin injury prevention in elite athletes and team sport—current challenges and opportunities. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2021;16(1):270-281.
Jørgensen SG, Öberg S, Rosenberg J. Treatment of longstanding groin pain: a systematic review. Hernia. 2019;23(6):1035-1044.
Taylor R, Vuckovic Z, Mosler A, et al. Multidisciplinary assessment of 100 athletes with groin pain using the Doha agreement: high prevalence of adductor-related groin pain in conjunction with multiple causes. Clin J Sport Med. 2018;28(4):364-369.
Hölmich P, Hölmich LR, Bjerg AM. Clinical examination of athletes with groin pain: an intraobserver and interobserver reliability study. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38(4):446-451.
Heijboer WMP, Vuckovic Z, Weir A, et al. Clinical examination for athletes with inguinal-related groin pain: interexaminer reliability and prevalence of positive tests. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2023;9(1):e001498.
Thorborg K, Reiman MP, Weir A, et al. Clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, and testing of athletes with groin pain: an evidence-based approach to effective management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2018;48(4):239-249.
Heijboer WMP, Weir A, Vuckovic Z, et al. Clinical examination tests for adductor- and pubic-related groin pain in athletes with longstanding groin pain: inter-examiner reliability and prevalence of positive tests. Phys Ther Sport. 2024;66:9-16.
Bisciotti GN, Di Pietto F, Rusconi G, et al. The role of MRI in groin pain syndrome in athletes. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(8):814.
Ooi MWX, Marzetti M, Rowbotham E, et al. MRI findings in athletic groin pain: correlation of imaging with history and examination in symptomatic and asymptomatic athletes [published online February 2, 2024]. Skeletal Radiol. Accessed January 16, 2025. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00256-024-04603-9
Branci S, Thorborg K, Bech BH, et al. MRI findings in soccer players with long-standing adductor-related groin pain and asymptomatic controls. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(10):681-691.
Branci S, Thorborg K, Nielsen MB, et al. Radiological findings in symphyseal and adductor-related groin pain in athletes: a critical review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(10):611-619.
Hölmich P, Uhrskou P, Ulnits L, et al. Effectiveness of active physical training as treatment for long-standing adductor-related groin pain in athletes: randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9151):439-443.
Bisciotti GN, Chamari K, Cena E, et al. The conservative treatment of longstanding adductor-related groin pain syndrome: a critical and systematic review. Biol Sport. 2021;38(1):45-63.
Topol GA, Reeves KD. Regenerative injection of elite athletes with career-altering chronic groin pain who fail conservative treatment: a consecutive case series. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(11):890-902.
Serner A, van Eijck CH, Beumer BR, et al. Study quality on groin injury management remains low: a systematic review on treatment of groin pain in athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(12):813.
Gill TJ, Wall AJ, Gwathmey FW, et al. Surgical release of the adductor longus with or without sports hernia repair is a useful treatment for recalcitrant groin strains in the elite athlete. Orthop J Sports Med. 2020;8(1) ): 2325967119896104.
Schilders E, Dimitrakopoulou A, Cooke M, et al. Effectiveness of a selective partial adductor release for chronic adductor-related groin pain in professional athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41(3):603-607.
Omar IM, Zoga AC, Kavanagh EC, et al. Athletic pubalgia and “sports hernia”: optimal MR imaging technique and findings. Radiographics. 2008;28(5):1415-1438.
Weir A, Jansen JACG, van de Port IGL, et al. Manual or exercise therapy for long-standing adductor-related groin pain: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Man Ther. 2011;16(2):148-154.
Adib F, Johnson AJ, Hennrikus WL, et al. Iliopsoas tendonitis after hip arthroscopy: prevalence, risk factors and treatment algorithm. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2018;5(4):362-369.
Blankenbaker DG, De Smet AA, Keene JS. Sonography of the iliopsoas tendon and injection of the iliopsoas bursa for diagnosis and management of the painful snapping hip. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35(8):565-571.
Yen Y-M, Lewis CL, Kim Y-J. Understanding and treating the snapping hip. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2015;23(4):194-199.
Matsuda D, Kivlan BR, Nho SJ, et al. Tenotomy for iliopsoas pathology is infrequently performed and associated with poorer outcomes in hips undergoing arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement. Arthroscopy. 2021;37(7):2140-2148.
Sheen AJ, Stephenson BM, Lloyd DM, et al. ‘Treatment of the sportsman's groin’: British Hernia Society's 2014 position statement based on the Manchester Consensus Conference. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(14):1079-1087.
Bou Antoun M, Reboul G, Ronot M, et al. Imaging of inguinal-related groin pain in athletes. Br J Radiol. 2018;91(1092):20170856.
Ellsworth AA, Zoland MP, Tyler TF. Athletic pubalgia and associated rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2014;9(6):774-784.
Paajanen H, Brinck T, Hermunen H, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for chronic groin pain in athletes is more effective than nonoperative treatment: a randomized clinical trial with magnetic resonance imaging of 60 patients with sportsman's hernia (athletic pubalgia). Surgery. 2011;150(1):99-107.
Paajanen H, Hermunen H, Ristolainen L, et al. Long-standing groin pain in contact sports: a prospective case-control and MRI study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5(1):e000507.
Paajanen H, Montgomery A, Simon T, et al. Systematic review: laparoscopic treatment of long-standing groin pain in athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(12):814-818.
Eberbach H, Fürst-Meroth D, Kloos F, et al. Long-standing pubic-related groin pain in professional academy soccer players: a prospective cohort study on possible risk factors, rehabilitation and return to play. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):958.
Frizziero A, Vittadini F, Pignataro A, et al. Conservative management of tendinopathies around hip. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2016;6(3):281-292.
Via AG, Frizziero A, Finotti P, et al. Management of osteitis pubis in athletes: rehabilitation and return to training—a review of the most recent literature. Open Access J Sports Med. 2018;10:1-10.
King E, Ward J, Small L, et al. Athletic groin pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical versus physical therapy rehabilitation outcomes. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(22):1447-1451.
Longstaffe R, Hendrikx S, Naudie D, et al. Iliopsoas release: a systematic review of clinical efficacy and associated complications. Clin J Sport Med. 2021;31(6):522-529.
Brandenburg JB, Kapron AL, Wylie JD, et al. The functional and structural outcomes of arthroscopic iliopsoas release. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(5):1286-1291.
Morelli V, Smith V. Groin injuries in athletes. Am Fam Physician. 2001;64(8):1405-1415.