Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text revision. APA; 2022.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. APA; 2013.
Hudson CG. Socioeconomic status and mental illness: tests of the social causation and selection hypotheses. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2005;75(1):3-18.
Hasin DS, Sarvet AL, Meyers JL. Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(4):336-346.
Meader N, Mitchell AJ, Chew-Graham C. Case identification of depression in patients with chronic physical health problems: a diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis of 113 studies. Br J Gen Pract. 2011;61(593):e808-e820.
Chaudhry AB, Reisner SL. Disparities by sexual orientation persist for major depressive episode and substance abuse or dependence: findings from a national probability study of adults in the United States. LGBT Health. 2019;6(5):261-266.
Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;57(10):1552-1562.
Breton JJ, Labelle R, Berthiaume C. Protective factors against depression and suicidal behaviour in adolescence. Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(2):S5-S15.
Rethorst CD, Trivedi MH. Evidence-based recommendations for the prescription of exercise for major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Pract. 2013;19(3):204-212.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression in adults: recommendation statement. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2016/0815/od1.html
Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;328(15):1534-1542.
Maurer DM, Raymond TJ, Davis BN. Depression: screening and diagnosis. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(8):508-515.
Park LT, Zarate CA. Depression in the primary care setting. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(6):559-568.
Khandaker GM, Pearson RM, Zammit S, Lewis G, Jones PB. Association of serum interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein in childhood with depression and psychosis in young adult life: a population-based longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(10):1121-1128.
Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Phillips ML. Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet. 2012;379(9820):1045-1055.
- National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). Depression: The Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults (Updated Edition). British Psychological Society; 2010.
Cuijpers P, Reynolds CF, Donker T, Li J, Andersson G, Beekman A. Personalized treatment of adult depression: medication, psychotherapy, or both? A systematic review. Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(10):855-864.
American Psychological Association; Guideline Development Panel for the Treatment of Depressive Disorders. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Depression Across Three Age Cohorts. https://www.apa.org/depression-guideline
Marcus SC, Olfson M. National trends in the treatment for depression from 1998 to 2007. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(12):1265-1273.
Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9665):746-758.
Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018;391(10128):1357-1366.
- American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. 3rd ed. APA; 2010. https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/mdd.pdf
Papakostas GI. Managing partial response or nonresponse: switching, augmentation, and combination strategies for major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(Suppl 6):16-25.
Keller MB. The long-term treatment of depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(Suppl 17):41-45 , discussion 46-48.
Kritzer MD, Mischel NA, Young JR. Ketamine for treatment of mood disorders and suicidality: a narrative review of recent progress. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2022;34(1):33-43.
Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Bailey AP. New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021(5):CD013674.
ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins–Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin: clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists number 92, April 2008 (replaces practice bulletin number 87, November 2007). Use of psychiatric medications during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(4):1001.
Apaydin EA, Maher AR, Shanman R. A systematic review of St. John’s wort for major depressive disorder. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):148.
Psiuk D, Nowak E, Cholewa K, Łopuszańska U, Samardakiewicz M. The potential role of serotonergic hallucinogens in depression treatment. Life (Basel). 2021;11(8):765.
Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R. Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(15):1402-1411.
Andrade C, Arumugham SS, Thirthalli J. Adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2016;39(3):513-530.
Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(3):241-251.
Bessonova L, Ogden K, Doane MJ, O’Sullivan AK, Tohen M. The economic burden of bipolar disorder in the United States: a systematic literature review. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2020;12:481-497.
Tondo L, Vázquez GH, Baldessarini RJ. Prevention of suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2021;23(1):14-23.
Miller JN, Black DW. Bipolar disorder and suicide: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020;22(2):6.
Bishop TF, Press MJ, Keyhani S, Pincus HA. Acceptance of insurance by psychiatrists and the implications for access to mental health care. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(2):176-181.
Jaakkimainen L, Glazier R, Barnsley J, Salkeld E, Lu H, Tu K. Waiting to see the specialist: patient and provider characteristics of wait times from primary to specialty care. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15:16.
Cerimele JM, Fortney JC, Pyne JM, Curran GM. Bipolar disorder in primary care: a qualitative study of clinician and patient experiences with diagnosis and treatment. Fam Pract. 2019;36(1):32-37.
Wang PS, Lane M, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Wells KB, Kessler RC. Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):629-640.
Rowland TA, Marwaha S. Epidemiology and risk factors for bipolar disorder. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2018;8(9):251-269.
Marangoni C, Hernandez M, Faedda GL. The role of environmental exposures as risk factors for bipolar disorder: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J Affect Disord. 2016;193:165-174.
Wu MK, Wang HY, Chen YW, Lin PY, Wu CK, Tseng PT. Significantly higher prevalence rate of asthma and bipolar disorder co-morbidity: a meta-analysis and review under PRISMA guidelines. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(13):e3217.
Liang W, Chikrizhs T. Asthma history predicts the risk of affective disorders and anxiety disorders. Health. 2013;5(2A):313-319.
Tseng PT, Zeng BS, Chen YW, Wu MK, Wu CK, Lin PY. A meta-analysis and systematic review of the comorbidity between irritable bowel syndrome and bipolar disorder. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(33):e4617.
Zhao Z, Okusaga OO, Quevedo J, Soares JC, Teixeira AL. The potential association between obesity and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;202:120-123.
Fornaro M, Stubbs B. A meta-analysis investigating the prevalence and moderators of migraines among people with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2015;178:88-97.
Perry DC, Sturm VE, Peterson MJ. Association of traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurological and psychiatric disease: a meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2016;124(2):511-526.
Carta MG, Moro MF, Lorefice L. The risk of bipolar disorders in multiple sclerosis. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:255-260.
Berk M, Brnabic A, Dodd S. Does stage of illness impact treatment response in bipolar disorder? Empirical treatment data and their implication for the staging model and early intervention. Bipolar Disord. 2011;13(1):87-98.
McIntyre RS, Berk M, Brietzke E. Bipolar disorders. Lancet. 2020;396(10265):1841-1856.
Family Practice Notebook. Bipolar disorder. https://fpnotebook.com/Psych/Bipolar/BplrDsrdr.htm
Marzani G, Price Neff A. Bipolar disorders: evaluation and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(4):227-239.
Rhee TG, Olfson M, Nierenberg AA, Wilkinson ST. 20-year trends in the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder by psychiatrists in outpatient care settings. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(8):706-715.
Vieta E, Günther O, Locklear J. Effectiveness of psychotropic medications in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14(8):1029-1049.
Cheniaux E, Nardi AE. Evaluating the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in patients with bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2019;18(10):893-913.
Rhee TG, Olfson M, Wilkinson ST. Changes in pharmacotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of bipolar disorder by primary care physicians. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020;67:141-143.
Miklowitz DJ, Efthimiou O, Furukawa TA. Adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(2):141-150.
Bauer IE, Gálvez JF, Hamilton JE. Lifestyle interventions targeting dietary habits and exercise in bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;74:1-7.
Takeshima M, Utsumi T, Aoki Y. Efficacy and safety of bright light therapy for manic and depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;74(4):247-256.
Kishi T, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Ikeda M, Iwata N. Omega-3 fatty acids for treating residual depressive symptoms in adult patients with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord. 2021;23(7):730-731.
Wilkowska A, Szałach Ł, Cubała WJ. Ketamine in bipolar disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:2707-2717.
Kishi T, Ikuta T, Matsuda Y. Mood stabilizers and/or antipsychotics for bipolar disorder in the maintenance phase: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(8):4146-4157.
Proudfoot J, Doran J, Manicavasagar V, Parker G. The precipitants of manic/hypomanic episodes in the context of bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord. 2011;133(3):381-387.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Injury prevention & control. Leading causes of death and injury. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/LeadingCauses.html
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suicide rising across the US. CDC Vital Signs. June 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/pdf/vs-0618-suicide-H.pdf
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Suicide statistics. https://afsp.org/suicide-statistics/
Stone DM, Jones CM, Mack KA. Changes in suicide rates – United States, 2018-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(8):261-268.
Baldessarini RJ. Epidemiology of suicide: recent developments. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2019;29:e71.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suicide prevention: disparities in suicide. https://www.cdc.gov/suicide/facts/disparities-in-suicide.html
Berkelmans G, van der Mei R, Bhulai S, Gilissen R. Identifying socio-demographic risk factors for suicide using data on an individual level. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1702.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suicide among adults aged 35-64 years—United States, 1999-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(17):321-325.
Ehlman DC, Yard E, Stone DM, Jones CM, Mack KA. Changes in Suicide Rates – United States, 2019 and 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(8):306-312.
- Herman JL, Brown T, Haas AP. Suicide thoughts and attempts among transgender adults: findings from the 2015 U.S. transgender survey. The Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law; 2019. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf
Wilson RF, Liu G, Lyons BH. Surveillance for violent deaths – National Violent Death Reporting System, 42 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, 2019. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2022;71(6):1-40.
LeFevre ML. Screening for suicide risk in adolescents, adults, and older adults in primary care: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(10):719-726.
Woo JM, Okusaga O, Postolache TT. Seasonality of suicidal behavior. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(2):531-547.
Akkaya-Kalayci T, Vyssoki B, Winkler D. The effect of seasonal changes and climatic factors on suicide attempts of young people. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):365. 10.1186/s12888-017-1532.
Paris J. Can we predict or prevent suicide? An update. Prev Med. 2021;152(Pt 1):106353.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement. Depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: screening. https://uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-children-adolescents
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Draft recommendation statement. Depression and suicide risk in adults: screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/screening-depression-suicide-risk-adults
Screening for suicide risk: recommendation and rationale. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70(11):2187-2190.
Posner K, Brown GK, Stanley B. The Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale: initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(12):1266-1277.
Horowitz LM, Bridge JA, Teach SJ. Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ): a brief instrument for the pediatric emergency department. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(12):1170-1176.
Screening for suicide risk in adolescents, adults, and older adults in primary care: recommendation statement. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(3):190F-I.
Jacobs DG, Baldessarini RJ, Conwell Y; American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the assessment and treatment of patients with suicidal behaviors. https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/suicide-1410197760903.pdf
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Suicide SAFE-T pocket card: suicide assessment five-step evaluation and triage. Dept of Health and Human Services; 2009. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 09-4432 CMHS-NSP-0193.
Dazzi T, Gribble R, Wessely S, Fear NT. Does asking about suicide and related behaviours induce suicidal ideation? What is the evidence?. Psychol Med. 2014;44(16):3361-3363.
Lagerberg T, Fazel S, Sjölander A, Hellner C, Lichtenstein P, Chang Z. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suicidal behaviour: a population-based cohort study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47(4):817-823.
Friedman RA. Antidepressants’ black-box warning—10 years later. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(18):1666-1668.
Spravato (esketamine). Package insert. https://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/SPRAVATO-pi.pdf
Parikh SV, Lopez D, Vande Voort JL. Developing an IV ketamine clinic for treatment-resistant depression: a primer. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2021;51(3):109-124.
Simon RI. The suicide prevention contract: clinical, legal, and risk management issues. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1999;27(3):445-450.
Nuij C, van Ballegooijen W, de Beurs D. Safety planning-type interventions for suicide prevention: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2021;219(2):419-426.
Stanley B, Brown GK. Safety planning intervention: a brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognit Behav Pract. 2012;19(2):256-264.
Ford J, Thomas F, Byng R, McCabe R. Asking about self-harm and suicide in primary care: moral and practical dimensions. Patient Educ Couns. 2021;104(4):826-835.
Cuijpers P, de Beurs DP, van Spijker BA, Berking M, Andersson G, Kerkhof AJ. The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression on suicidality and hopelessness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2013;144(3):183-190.
Tong B, Kashdan TB, Joiner T, Rottenberg J. Future well-being among people who attempt suicide and survive: research recommendations. Behav Ther. 2021;52(5):1213-1225.
Herr NR, Williams JW, Benjamin S, McDuffie J. Does this patient have generalized anxiety or panic disorder? The Rational Clinical Examination systematic review. JAMA. 2014;312(1):78-84.
Waumans RC, Muntingh ADT, Draisma S, Huijbregts KM, van Balkom AJLM, Batelaan NM. Barriers and facilitators for treatment-seeking in adults with a depressive or anxiety disorder in a Western-European health care setting: a qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):165.
Dell’Osso B, Camuri G, Benatti B, Buoli M, Altamura AC. Differences in latency to first pharmacological treatment (duration of untreated illness) in anxiety disorders: a study on patients with panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2013;7(4):374-380.
Hirsch CR, Beale S, Grey N, Liness S. Approaching cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder from a cognitive process perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:796.
Locke AB, Kirst N, Shultz CG. Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2015;91(9):617-624.
- Munir S, Takov V. Generalized Anxiety Disorder. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441870/
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Draft recommendation statement. Anxiety in adults: screening. https://uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/anxiety-adults-screening
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement. Anxiety in children and adolescents: screening. https://uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents
Gregory KD, Chelmow D, Nelson HD. Screening for anxiety in adolescent and adult women: a recommendation from the Women’s Preventive Services Initiative. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(1):48-56.
Löwe B, Decker O, Müller S. Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med Care. 2008;46(3):266-274.
Shear MK, Rucci P, Williams J. Reliability and validity of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale: replication and extension. J Psychiatr Res. 2001;35(5):293-296.
Bandelow B, Michaelis S, Wedekind D. Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017;19(2):93-107.
Strawn JR, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine A. Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based treatment review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(10):1057-1070.
Garakani A, Murrough JW, Freire RC. Pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders: current and emerging treatment options. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:595584.
Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, Liu Y, Cheng Z, Freemantle N. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;393(10173):768-777.
Chessick CA, Allen MH, Thase M. Azapirones for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(3):CD006115.
Tanguay Bernard MM, Luc M, Carrier JD. Patterns of benzodiazepines use in primary care adults with anxiety disorders. Heliyon. 2018;4(7):e00688.
Weston NM, Gibbs D, Bird CIV. Historic psychedelic drug trials and the treatment of anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37(12):1261-1279.
Ergisi M, Erridge S, Harris M. UK Medical Cannabis Registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022;15(4):487-495.
Kimless D, Caloura M, Markos V, Ryan J, Abbonizio S, Janicki S. An observational cross-sectional survey exploring the indications for and responses to medical marijuana use in certified patients in Pennsylvania. J Prim Care Community Health. 2022;13:21501319221129734.
Nordahl HM, Borkovec TD, Hagen R. Metacognitive therapy versus cognitive-behavioural therapy in adults with generalised anxiety disorder. BJPsych Open. 2018;4(5):393-400.
Siev J, Chambless DL. Specificity of treatment effects: cognitive therapy and relaxation for generalized anxiety and panic disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(4):513-522.
Borza L. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017;19(2):203-208.
- Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 113. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK552847/
