Madans JH, Weeks JD, Elgaddal N. Hearing difficulties among adults: United States, 2019. NCHS Data Brief. 2021;414:1-8.
Lin FR, Thorpe R, Gordon-Salant S, Ferrucci L. Hearing loss prevalence and risk factors among older adults in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011;66(5):582-590.
United States Census Bureau. 2020 Census Demographic and Housing Characteristic File (DHC). https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2023/dec/2020-census-dhc.html
Rigters SC, Metselaar M, Wieringa MH, De Jong RJB, Hofman A, Goedegebure A. Contributing determinants to hearing loss in elderly men and women: results from the population-based Rotterdam Study. Audiol Neurootol. 2016;21(Suppl 1):10-15.
Besser J, Stropahl M, Urry E, Launer S. Comorbidities of hearing loss and the implications of multimorbidity for audiological care. Hear Res. 2018;369:3-14.
Genther DJ, Frick KD, Chen D, Betz J, Lin FR. Association of hearing loss with hospitalization and burden of disease in older adults. JAMA. 2013;309(22):2322-2324.
Malcolm KA, Suen JJ, Nieman CL. Socioeconomic position and hearing loss: current understanding and recent advances. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;30(5):351-357.
Ramsey T, Svider PF, Folbe AJ. Health burden and socioeconomic disparities from hearing loss: a global perspective. Otol Neurotol. 2018;39(1):12-16.
Walling AD, Dickson GM. Hearing loss in older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2012;85(12):1150-1156.
- Middleton A, Turner GH, Bitner-Glindzicz M, et al. Preferences for communication in clinic from deaf people: a cross-sectional study. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16(4):811-817.
Uy J, Forciea MA. In the clinic. Hearing loss. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(7):ITC4-ITC16.
Feltner C, Wallace IF, Kistler CE, Coker-Schwimmer M, Jonas DE. Screening for hearing loss in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2021;325(12):1202-1215.
Edmiston R, Mitchell C. Hearing loss in adults. BMJ. 2013;346(7908):f2496.
- Chandrasekhar SS, Tsai Do BS, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: sudden hearing loss (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;161(1 Suppl):S1-S45.
- Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for hearing loss in older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021;325(12):1196-1201.
Michels TC, Duffy MT, Rogers DJ. Hearing loss in adults: differential diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2019;100(2):98-108.
- Bagai A, Thavendiranathan P, Detsky AS. Does this patient have hearing impairment? JAMA. 2006;295(4):416-428.
Onusko E. Tympanometry. Am Fam Physician. 2004;70(9):1713-1720.
Walker JJ, Cleveland LM, Davis JL, Seales JS. Audiometry screening and interpretation. Am Fam Physician. 2013;87(1):41-47.
Kim SY, Kim HJ, Kim MS, Park B, Kim JH, Choi HG. Discrepancy between self-assessed hearing status and measured audiometric evaluation. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182718.
St Martin MB, Hirsch BE. Imaging of hearing loss. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2008;41(1):157-178.
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Noise Exposure and Hearing Conservation. Temporary Worker Initiative Bulletin No. 9. 2018. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA3953.pdf
Tak S, Davis RR, Calvert GM. Exposure to hazardous workplace noise and use of hearing protection devices among US workers— NHANES, 1999-2004. Am J Ind Med. 2009;52(5):358-371.
Tikka C, Verbeek JH, Kateman E, Morata TC, Dreschler WA, Ferrite S. Interventions to prevent occupational noise-induced hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017(7):CD006396.
- Lie A, Skogstad M, Johannessen HA, et al. Occupational noise exposure and hearing: a systematic review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2016;89(3):351-372.
Leigh J, Macaskill P, Kuosma E, Mandryk J. Global burden of disease and injury due to occupational factors. Epidemiology. 1999;10(5):626-631.
Sonstrom Malowski K, Gollihugh LH, Malyuk H, Le Prell CG. Auditory changes following firearm noise exposure, a review. J Acoust Soc Am. 2022;151(3):1769-1791.
Derebery MJ, Vermiglio A, Berliner KI, Potthoff M, Holguin K. Facing the music: pre- and postconcert assessment of hearing in teenagers. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(7):1136-1141.
Hodgetts WE, Rieger JM, Szarko RA. The effects of listening environment and earphone style on preferred listening levels of normal hearing adults using an MP3 player. Ear Hear. 2007;28(3):290-297.
Kraaijenga VJC, Ramakers GGJ, Grolman W. The effect of earplugs in preventing hearing loss from recreational noise exposure: a systematic review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142(4):389-394.
- Kim MB, Zhang Y, Chang Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus and the incidence of hearing loss: a cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(2):717-726.
- Plontke SK, Meisner C, Agrawal S, et al. Intratympanic corticosteroids for sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022(7):CD008080.
Awad Z, Huins C, Pothier DD. Antivirals for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(8):CD006987.
Prince ADP, Stucken EZ. Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency. J Am Board Fam Med. 2021;34(1):216-223.
Ferguson MA, Kitterick PT, Chong LY, Edmondson-Jones M, Barker F, Hoare DJ. Hearing aids for mild to moderate hearing loss in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017(9):CD012023.
- Yeo BSY, Song HJJMD, Toh EMS, et al. Association of hearing aids and cochlear implants with cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(2):134-141.
Humes LEUS. population data on hearing loss, trouble hearing, and hearing-device use in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-12, 2015-16, and 2017-20. Trends Hear. 2023;27:23312165231160978.
- Manchaiah V, Portnuff C, Sharma A, Swanepoel D. Over-the-counter hearing aids: what do consumers need to know? Hear J. 2023;76(2):22-24.
- Yueh B, Collins MP, Souza PE, et al. Long-term effectiveness of screening for hearing loss: the screening for auditory impairment— which hearing assessment test (SAI-WHAT) randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(3):427-434.
- Boothroyd A. Adult aural rehabilitation: what is it and does it work? Trends Amplif. 2007;11(2):63-71.
Michaud HN, Duchesne L. Aural rehabilitation for older adults with hearing loss: impacts on quality of life-a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Acad Audiol. 2017;28(7):596-609.
Gates GA, Mills JH. Presbycusis. Lancet. 2005;366(9491):1111-1120.
Tisch M. Implantable hearing devices. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;16:Doc06.
Muncie HL, Sirmans SM, James E. Dizziness: approach to evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(3):154-162.
Newman-Toker DE, Edlow JA. TiTrATE: a novel, evidence-based approach to diagnosing acute dizziness and vertigo. Neurol Clin. 2015;33(3):577-599.
Newman-Toker DE, Cannon LM, Stofferahn ME, Rothman RE, Hsieh YH, Zee DS. Imprecision in patient reports of dizziness symptom quality: a cross-sectional study conducted in an acute care setting. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007;82(11):1329-1340.
Drachman DA, Hart CW. An approach to the dizzy patient. Neurology. 1972;22(4):323-334.
Edlow JA. A new approach to the diagnosis of acute dizziness in adult patients. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2016;34(4):717-742.
- Fancello V, Hatzopoulos S, Santopietro G, et al. Vertigo in the elderly: a systematic literature review. J Clin Med. 2023;12(6):2182.
Edlow JA, Gurley KL, Newman-Toker DE. A new diagnostic approach to the adult patient with acute dizziness. J Emerg Med. 2018;54(4):469-483.
- Navi BB, Kamel H, Shah MP, et al. Rate and predictors of serious neurologic causes of dizziness in the emergency department. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012;87(11):1080-1088.
- Chase M, Joyce NR, Carney E, et al. ED patients with vertigo: can we identify clinical factors associated with acute stroke? Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30(4):587-591.
- Kerber KA, Meurer WJ, Brown DL, et al. Stroke risk stratification in acute dizziness presentations: a prospective imaging-based study. Neurology. 2015;85(21):1869-1878.
Masuda Y, Tei H, Shimizu S, Uchiyama S. Factors associated with the misdiagnosis of cerebellar infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(7):1125-1130.
Newman-Toker DE, Moy E, Valente E, Coffey R, Hines AL. Missed diagnosis of stroke in the emergency department: a cross-sectional analysis of a large population-based sample. Diagnosis (Berl). 2014;1(2):155-166.
Edlow JA, Newman-Toker D. Using the physical examination to diagnose patients with acute dizziness and vertigo. J Emerg Med. 2016;50(4):617-628.
- Bhattacharyya N, Gubbels SP, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;156(3 Suppl):S1-S47.
Wright T. Meniere’s disease. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015;2015:0505.
- Basura GJ, Adams ME, Monfared A, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Meniere’s disease. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;162(2 Suppl):S1-S55.
- Lempert T, Olesen J, Furman J, et al. Vestibular migraine: diagnostic criteria (update). J Vestib Res. 2022;32(1):1-6.
Sbeih F, Christov F, Gluth MB. Newly diagnosed Meniere’s disease: clinical course with initiation of noninvasive treatment including an accounting of vestibular migraine. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2018;127(5):331-337.
Sarna B, Abouzari M, Lin HW, Djalilian HR. A hypothetical proposal for association between migraine and Meniere’s disease. Med Hypotheses. 2020;134:109430.
Blum CA, Kasner SE. Transient ischemic attacks presenting with dizziness or vertigo. Neurol Clin. 2015;33(3):629-642.
Joshi P, Mossman S, Luis L, Luxon LM. Central mimics of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: an illustrative case series. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(2):263-269.
- Hall CD, Herdman SJ, Whitney SL, et al. Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an updated clinical practice guideline from the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy of the American Physical Therapy Association. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2022;46(2):118-177.
Mandalà M, Santoro GP, Awrey J, Nuti D. Vestibular neuritis: recurrence and incidence of secondary benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Acta Otolaryngol. 2010;130(5):565-567.
Türk B, Akpinar M, Kaya KS, Korkut AY, Turgut S. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: comparison of idiopathic BPPV and BPPV secondary to vestibular neuritis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021;100(7):532-535.
Kammerlind ASC, Ledin TEA, Skargren EIB, Ödkvist LM. Long-term follow-up after acute unilateral vestibular loss and comparison between subjects with and without remaining symptoms. Acta Otolaryngol. 2005;125(9):946-953.
Adamec I, Krbot Skorić M, Ozretić D, Habek M. Predictors of development of chronic vestibular insufficiency after vestibular neuritis. J Neurol Sci. 2014;347(1-2):224-228.
- Ohle R, Montpellier RA, Marchadier V, et al. Can emergency physicians accurately rule out a central cause of vertigo using the HINTS examination? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med. 2020;27(9):887-896.
Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, Hsieh YH, Newman-Toker DE. HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke. 2009;40(11):3504-3510.
Medmastery. Vertigo maneuvers: performing the HINTS exam. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VwmrjYuvqtQ
Kerber KA, Newman-Toker DE. Misdiagnosing dizzy patients: common pitfalls in clinical practice. Neurol Clin. 2015;33(3):565-575.
- Vanni S, Pecci R, Edlow JA, et al. Differential diagnosis of vertigo in the emergency department: a prospective validation study of the STANDING algorithm. Front Neurol. 2017;8:590.
- Comolli L, Korda A, Zamaro E, et al. Vestibular syndromes, diagnosis and diagnostic errors in patients with dizziness presenting to the emergency department: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2023;13(3):e064057.
- Saber Tehrani AS, Kattah JC, Mantokoudis G, et al. Small strokes causing severe vertigo: frequency of false-negative MRIs and nonlacunar mechanisms. Neurology. 2014;83(2):169-173.
- Newman-Toker DE, Kerber KA, Hsieh YH, et al. HINTS outperforms ABCD2 to screen for stroke in acute continuous vertigo and dizziness. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(10):986-996.
- Choi JH, Park MG, Choi SY, et al. Acute transient vestibular syndrome: prevalence of stroke and efficacy of bedside evaluation. Stroke. 2017;48(3):556-562.
Förster A, Wenz H, Kerl HU, Brockmann MA, Groden C. Perfusion patterns in migraine with aura. Cephalalgia. 2014;34(11):870-876.
Starkov D, Strupp M, Pleshkov M, Kingma H, van de Berg R. Diagnosing vestibular hypofunction: an update. J Neurol. 2021;268(1):377-385.
Seemungal B, Kaski D, Lopez-Escamez JA. Early diagnosis and management of acute vertigo from vestibular migraine and Meniere’s disease. Neurol Clin. 2015;33(3):619-628.
Casani AP, Gufoni M, Capobianco S. Current insights into treating vertigo in older adults. Drugs Aging. 2021;38(8):655-670.
McDonnell MN, Hillier SL. Vestibular rehabilitation for unilateral peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(1):CD005397.
Hilton MP, Pinder DK. The Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014(12):CD003162.
- Kelly J, Harel D, Krishnamoorthy S, et al. Contextual sensory integration training vs. traditional vestibular rehabilitation: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2023;20(1):104.
Heffernan A, Booth L, Fletcher R, Nunez DA. Vestibular rehabilitation potential of commercially available virtual reality video games. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023;52(1):54.
Hunt WT, Zimmermann EF, Hilton MP. Modifications of the Epley (canalith repositioning) manoeuvre for posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(4):CD008675.
Lilios A, Chimona T, Nikitas C, Papadakis C, Chatziioannou I, Skoulakis C. The effect of supervision in vestibular rehabilitation in patients with acute or chronic unilateral vestibular dysfunction: a systematic review. Otol Neurotol. 2021;42(10):e1422-e1431.
Bayat A, Pourbakht A, Saki N, Zainun Z, Nikakhlagh S, Mirmomeni G. Vestibular rehabilitation outcomes in the elderly with chronic vestibular dysfunction. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2012;14(11):705-708.
Basta D, Borsellino L, Ernst A. Antivertiginous drug therapy does not hinder the efficacy of individualized vibrotactile neurofeedback training for vestibular rehabilitation - a randomized trial. Int J Rehabil Res. 2017;40(4):333-338.
Bogdanova A, Dlugaiczyk J, Heckmann JG, Schwab S. Corticosteroids in patients with vestibular neuritis: an updated meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2022;146(5):429-439.
Kim G, Seo JH, Lee SJ, Lee DH. Therapeutic effect of steroids on vestibular neuritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Otolaryngol. 2022;47(1):34-43.
Zamyslowska-Szmytke E, Politanski P, Jozefowicz-Korczynska M. Dizziness handicap inventory in clinical evaluation of dizzy patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(5):1-12.
Hussain K, Murdin L, Schilder AGM. Restriction of salt, caffeine and alcohol intake for the treatment of Meniere’s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018(12):CD012173.
van Sonsbeek S, Pullens B, van Benthem PP. Positive pressure therapy for Meniere’s disease or syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(3):CD008419.
- Karabulut M, Van Laer L, Hallemans A, et al. Chronic symptoms in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1177314.
Pullens B, Verschuur HP, van Benthem PP. Surgery for Meniere’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(2):CD005395.
Bergmark RW, Semco RS, Abdul-Aziz D, Rauch SD. Transmastoid labyrinthectomy for Meniere’s disease: experience and outcomes. Otol Neurotol. 2020;41(10):1413-1418.
Salvinelli F, Bonifacio F, Trivelli M, Greco F, Frari V, Amadio D. Bifenestral surgical and chemical labyrinthectomy, a new effective ablative surgical approach to intractable vertigo in Meniere disease elderly patients. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp (Engl Ed). 2023;74(3):169-174.
Maldonado Fernández M, Birdi JS, Irving GJ, Murdin L, Kivekäs I, Strupp M. Pharmacological agents for the prevention of vestibular migraine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(6):CD010600.
Bayer O, Adrion C, Al Tawil A, Mansmann U, Strupp M. Results and lessons learnt from a randomized controlled trial: prophylactic treatment of vestibular migraine with metoprolol (PROVEMIG). Trials. 2019;20(1):813.
- Hunter BR, Wang AZ, Bucca AW, et al. Efficacy of benzodiazepines or antihistamines for patients with acute vertigo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79(9):846-855.
Murdin L, Hussain K, Schilder AGM. Betahistine for symptoms of vertigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016(6):CD010696.
Qian ZJ, Rehkopf DH. Association between social disadvantage and otitis media treatment in US children with commercial insurance. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;149(1):7-14.
Gaddey HL, Wright MT, Nelson TN. Otitis media: rapid evidence review. Am Fam Physician. 2019;100(6):350-356.
Norhayati MN, Ho JJ, Azman MY. Influenza vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in infants and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017(10):CD010089.
Venekamp RP, Schilder AGM, van den Heuvel M, Hay AD. Acute otitis media in children. BMJ. 2020;371:m4238.
- Wannarong T, Ekpatanaparnich P, Boonyasiri A, et al. Efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine on otitis media: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023;169(4):765-779.
- Rosenfeld RM, Tunkel DE, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: tympanostomy tubes in children (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;166(1 Suppl):S1-S55.
Zhang Y, Xu M, Zhang J, Zeng L, Wang Y, Zheng QY. Risk factors for chronic and recurrent otitis media—a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86397.
- Lieberthal AS, Carroll AE, Chonmaitree T, et al. The diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2013;131(3):e964-e999. Erratum in Pediatrics. 2014;133(2):346.
- Harmes KM, Blackwood RA, Burrows HL, Cooke JM, Harrison RV, Passamani PP. Otitis media: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(7):435-440. Erratum in Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(5):318.
Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Rovers MM. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(6):CD000219.
Venekamp RP, Sanders SL, Glasziou PP, Rovers MM. Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023(11):CD000219.
- de Sévaux JLH, Venekamp RP, Lutje V, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020(11):CD001480.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolescent.html
- Bowatte G, Tham R, Allen KJ, et al. Breastfeeding and childhood acute otitis media: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(467):85-95.
Smolinski NE, Antonelli PJ, Winterstein AG. Watchful waiting for acute otitis media. Pediatrics. 2022;150(1):e2021055613.
- Froom J, Culpepper L, Green LA, et al. A cross-national study of acute otitis media: risk factors, severity, and treatment at initial visit. Report from the International Primary Care Network (IPCN) and the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network (ASPN). J Am Board Fam Pract. 2001;14:406-417.
- Ranakusuma RW, Pitoyo Y, Safitri ED, et al. Systemic corticosteroids for acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018(3):CD012289.
- de Sévaux JLH, Damoiseaux RAMJ, van de Pol AC, et al. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023(8):CD011534.
- Rosenfeld RM, Shin JJ, Schwartz SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline: otitis media with effusion executive summary (update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154(2):201-214.
- Simon F, Haggard M, Rosenfeld RM, et al. International consensus (ICON) on management of otitis media with effusion in children. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2018;135(1S):S33-S39.
- MacKeith S, Mulvaney CA, Galbraith K, et al. Ventilation tubes (grommets) for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023(11):CD015215.
Venekamp RP, Mick P, Schilder AGM, Nunez DA. Grommets (ventilation tubes) for recurrent acute otitis media in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018(5):CD012017.
Goel AN, Omorogbe A, Hackett A, Rothschild MA, Londino AV. Risk factors for multiple tympanostomy tube placements in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(7):E2363-E2370.
Jackson EA, Geer K. Acute otitis externa: rapid evidence review. Am Fam Physician. 2023;107(2):145-151.
Hajioff D, MacKeith S. Otitis externa. BMJ Clin Evid. 2015;2015:0510.
- Takata J, Hopkins M, Alexander V, et al. Systematic review of the diagnosis and management of necrotising otitis externa: highlighting the need for high-quality research. Clin Otolaryngol. 2023;48(3):381-394.
Guest JF, Greener MJ, Robinson AC, Smith AF. Impacted cerumen: composition, production, epidemiology and management. QJM. 2004;97(8):477-488.
- Sevy JO, Hohman MH, Singh A. Cerumen impaction removal. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448155/
Yang EL, Macy TM, Wang KH, Durr ML. Economic and demographic characteristics of cerumen extraction claims to Medicare. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142(2):157-161.
Crandell CC, Roeser RJ. Incidence of excessive/impacted cerumen in individuals with mental retardation: a longitudinal investigation. Am J Ment Retard. 1993;97(5):568-574.
Roeser RJ, Ballachanda BB. Physiology, pathophysiology, and anthropology/epidemiology of human earcanal secretions. J Am Acad Audiol. 1997;8(6):391-400.
- Schwartz SR, Magit AE, Rosenfeld RM, et al. Clinical practice guideline (update): earwax (cerumen impaction). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;156(1 Suppl):S1-S29. Erratum in Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017; 157(3):539.
- Manchaiah V, Arthur J, Williams H. Does hearing aid use increase the likelihood of cerumen impaction? J Audiol Otol. 2015;19(3):168-171.
Morley H, Panak V, Mulders WHAM, Goulios H, Martini A, Langdon C. Non-chewing diets and cerumen impaction in the external ear canal in a residential aged care population. Australas J Ageing. 2020;39(2):131-136.
McCarter DF, Courtney AU, Pollart SM. Cerumen impaction. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(10):1523-1528.
Mukdad L, Shapiro NL. Establishing healthy lifestyle choices early: how to counsel children and their parents. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2022;55(5):1111-1124.
- Clegg AJ, Loveman E, Gospodarevskaya E, et al. The safety and effectiveness of different methods of earwax removal: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14(28):1-192.
Aaron K, Cooper TE, Warner L, Burton MJ. Ear drops for the removal of ear wax. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018(7):CD012171.
Meyer F, Preuß R, Angelow A, Chenot JF, Meyer E, Kiel S. Cerumen impaction removal in general practices: a comparison of approved standard products. J Prim Care Community Health. 2020;11:2150132720973829.
Michaudet C, Malaty J. Cerumen impaction: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(8):525-529.
Propst EJ, George T, Janjua A, James A, Campisi P, Forte V. Removal of impacted cerumen in children using an aural irrigation system. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76(12):1840-1843.
- Schumann JA, Toscano ML, Pfleghaar N. Ear irrigation. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459335/
Pavlidis C, Pickering JA. Water as a fast acting wax softening agent before ear syringing. Aust Fam Physician. 2005;34(4):303-304.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Cerumen (earwax) removal. https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/lcd.aspx?lcdid=33945&ver=17&
Xiao CC, Kshirsagar RS, Rivero A. Pediatric foreign bodies of the ear: a 10-year national analysis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;138:110354.
- Svider PF, Vong A, Sheyn A, et al. What are we putting in our ears? A consumer product analysis of aural foreign bodies. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(3):709-714.
Morris S, Osborne MS, McDermott AL. Will children ever learn? Removal of nasal and aural foreign bodies: a study of hospital episode statistics. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2018;100(8):1-3.
Singh GB, Sidhu TS, Sharma A, Dhawan R, Jha SK, Singh N. Management of aural foreign body: an evaluative study in 738 consecutive cases. Am J Otolaryngol. 2007;28(2):87-90.
Heim SW, Maughan KL. Foreign bodies in the ear, nose, and throat. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76:1185-1189.
Prasad N, Harley E. The aural foreign body space: a review of pediatric ear foreign bodies and a management paradigm. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;132:109871.
Grigg S, Grigg C. Removal of ear, nose and throat foreign bodies: a review. Aust J Gen Pract. 2018;47(10):682-685.
Ramgopal S, Ramprasad VH, Manole MD, Maguire RC. Expansile superabsorbent polymer ball foreign body in the ear. J Emerg Med. 2019;56(6):e115-e117.
Karimnejad K, Nelson EJ, Rohde RL, Costa DJ. External auditory canal foreign body extraction outcomes. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2017;126(11):755-761.
Mingo K, Eleff D, Anne S, Osborne K. Pediatric ear foreign body retrieval: a comparison across specialties. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020;41(2):102167.
Olson MD, Saw J, Visscher SL, Balakrishnan K. Cost comparison and safety of emergency department conscious sedation for the removal of ear foreign bodies. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;110:140-143.
Akgül G, Sancaktar ME, Özdemir D, Mehel MD, Turgut NF, Çeçen A. Mechanism of ear canal button battery injury and strategies for mitigation of damage. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2023;43(2):149-154.
Gupta R, Nyakunu RP, Kippax JR. Is the emergency department management of ENT foreign bodies successful? A tertiary care hospital experience in Australia. Ear Nose Throat J. 2016;95(3):113-116.
Houston R, Powell S, Jaffray B, Ball S. Clinical guideline for retained button batteries. Arch Dis Child. 2021;106(2):192-194.
- Foreign bodies. In: American Academy of Pediatrics. Pediatric Coding Q&A. AAP; 2023:55-57.
