References - Female Pelvic Conditions

Estefan Beltran; Bonnie Brown; Kane Laks; Jessica Dalby

Sexual dysfunctions. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Pukall CF, Goldstein AT, Bergeron S, et al. Vulvodynia: definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiological factors. J Sex Med. 2016;13(3):291-304.

Weijmar Schultz W, Basson R, Binik Y, et al. Women’s sexual pain and its management. J Sex Med. 2005;2(3):301-316.

Streicher LF. Diagnosis, causes, and treatment of dyspareunia in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2023;30(6):635-649.

Hill DA, Taylor CA. Dyspareunia in women. Am Fam Physician. 2021;103(10):597-604.

Latthe P, Mignini L, Gray R, et al. Factors predisposing women to chronic pelvic pain: systematic review. BMJ. 2006;332(7544):749-755.

Meana M, Binik YM. The biopsychosocial puzzle of painful sex. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2022;18:471-495.

Braksmajer A. Struggles for medical legitimacy among women experiencing sexual pain: a qualitative study. Women Health. 2018;58(4):419-433.

Gross E, Brubaker L. Dyspareunia in women. JAMA. 2022;327(18):1817-1818.

Uloko M, Rubin R. Managing female sexual pain. Urol Clin North Am. 2021;48(4):487-497.

Santangelo G, Ruggiero G, Murina F, et al. Vulvodynia: a practical guide in treatment strategies. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2023;163(2):510-520.

Clemens JQ, Erickson DR, Varela NP, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. J Urol. 2022;208(1):34-42.

Buhling K. Evaluation of dyspareunia. BMJ Best Practice. https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/661

Harm-Ernandes I, Boyle V, Hartmann D, et al. Assessment of the pelvic floor and associated musculoskeletal system: guide for medical practitioners. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2021;27(12):711-718.

Potter N, Panay N. Vaginal lubricants and moisturizers: a review into use, efficacy, and safety. Climacteric. 2021;24(1):19-24.

Biehl C, Plotsker O, Mirkin S. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of vaginal estrogen products for the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Menopause. 2019;26(4):431-453.

Lethaby A, Ayeleke RO, Roberts H. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016(8):CD001500.

Bornstein J, Goldstein AT, Stockdale CK, et al.; Consensus Vulvar Pain Terminology Committee of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), the International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health (ISSWSH), and the International Pelvic Pain Society (IPPS). 2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(4):745-751.

Bergeron S, Reed BD, Wesselmann U, et al. Vulvodynia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):36.

Sadownik LA. Etiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of vulvodynia. Int J Womens Health. 2014;6:437-449.

Paavonen J, Eschenbach DA. Localized provoked vulvodynia – an ignored vulvar pain syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:678961.

Schlaeger JM, Glayzer JE, Villegas-Downs M, et al. Evaluation and treatment of vulvodynia: state of the science. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2023;68(1):9-34.

Bowen AR, Vester A, Marsden L, et al. The role of vulvar skin biopsy in the evaluation of chronic vulvar pain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199(5):467.e1-467.e6.

Committee Opinion No 673: persistent vulvar pain. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128(3):e78-e84.

Loflin BJ, Westmoreland K, Williams NT. Vulvodynia: a review of the literature. J Pharm Technol. 2019;35(1):11-24.

Haraldson P, Mühlrad H, Heddini U, et al. Botulinum toxin A for provoked vestibulodynia: 12 months’ follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. J Sex Med. 2022;19(11):1670-1679.

Petersen CD, Giraldi A, Lundvall L, et al. Botulinum toxin type A–a novel treatment for provoked vestibulodynia? Results from a randomized, placebo controlled, double blinded study. J Sex Med. 2009;6(9):2523-2537.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance, 2022. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/std/statistics/2022/default.htm

Pinto CN, Niles JK, Kaufman HW, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on chlamydia and gonorrhea screening in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2021;61(3):386-393.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Syphilis surveillance supplement 2016-2020. https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/syphilis-supplement/index.html

Cejtin HE, Warren EF, Guidry T, et al. Notes from the Field: diagnosis of congenital syphilis and syphilis among females of reproductive age before and during the COVID-19 pandemic–Chicago, 2015-2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(47):1288-1289.

McDonald R, O’Callaghan K, Torrone E, et al. Vital signs: missed opportunities for preventing congenital syphilis—United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(46):1269-1274.

Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA, et al. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021;70(4):1-187.

Cooper JM, Sánchez PJ. Congenital syphilis. Semin Perinatol. 2018;42(3):176-184.

McQuillan G, Kruszon-Moran D, Flagg EW, et al. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in persons aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016. NCHS Data Brief. 2018(304):1-8.

Ryder N, Jin F, McNulty AM, et al. Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in first-episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992-2006. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85(6):416-419.

Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for syphilis infection in nonpregnant adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;328(12):1243-1249.

Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021;326(10):949-956.

County-Level Syphilis Data. STI statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/sti-statistics/county-level-syphilis-data/index.html

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG recommends obstetrician-gynecologists increase syphilis screening for pregnant individuals. https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2024/04/acog-recommends-obstetrician-gynecologists-increase-syphilis-screening-for-pregnant-individuals

Henao-Martínez AF, Johnson SC. Diagnostic tests for syphilis: new tests and new algorithms. Neurol Clin Pract. 2014;4(2):114-122.

Binnicker MJ, Jespersen DJ, Rollins LO. Direct comparison of the traditional and reverse syphilis screening algorithms in a population with a low prevalence of syphilis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(1):148-150.

Ortiz DA, Shukla MR, Loeffelholz MJ. The traditional or reverse algorithm for diagnosis of syphilis: pros and cons. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(suppl 1):S43-S51.

Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al.; US Preventive Services Task Force. Serologic screening for genital herpes infection: US Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA. 2023;329(6):502-507.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for the laboratory-based detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae—2014. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2014;63(RR-02):1-19.

Schachter J, Chernesky MA, Willis DE, et al. Vaginal swabs are the specimens of choice when screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: results from a multicenter evaluation of the APTIMA assays for both infections. Sex Transm Dis. 2005;32(12):725-728.

Knox J, Tabrizi SN, Miller P, et al. Evaluation of self-collected samples in contrast to practitioner-collected samples for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis by polymerase chain reaction among women living in remote areas. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29(11):647-654.

Doshi JS, Power J, Allen E. Acceptability of chlamydia screening using self-taken vaginal swabs. Int J STD AIDS. 2008;19(8):507-509.

Middlebrook H, Ruud M. Extragenital screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea among adolescents and young adults at a sexual health clinic. Nurs Womens Health. 2020;24(4):267-276.

Huxta RA, Soniyi O, Halbritter A, et al. Extragenital screening of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among women in the college health setting. Sex Transm Dis. 2021;48(9):643-647.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. STI Treatment Guide Mobile App. https://npin.cdc.gov/publication/sti-treatment-guide-mobile-app

Barbee LA, Soge OO, Morgan J, et al. Gentamicin alone is inadequate to eradicate Neisseria gonorrhoeae from the pharynx. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):1877-1882.

Towns JM, Leslie DE, Denham I, et al. Painful and multiple anogenital lesions are common in men with Treponema pallidum PCR-positive primary syphilis without herpes simplex virus coinfection: a cross-sectional clinic-based study. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92(2):110-115.

Peterman TA, Furness BW. Public health interventions to control syphilis. Sex Health. 2015;12(2):126-134.

Nettleton WD, Kent JB, Lightheart K, et al. A cluster of ocular syphilis cases with a common sex partner–southwest Michigan, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(47):1281-1287.

Benedetti JK, Zeh J, Corey L. Clinical reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus infection decreases in frequency over time. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(1):14-20.

Barbee LA, Soge OO, Khosropour CM, et al. Time to clearance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae RNA at the pharynx following treatment. J Clin Microbiol. 2022;60(6):e0039922.

Mujugira A, Magaret AS, Celum C, et al.; Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team. Daily acyclovir to decrease herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) transmission from HSV-2/HIV-1 coinfected persons: a randomized controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(9):1366-1374.

Brown ZA, Wald A, Morrow RA, et al. Effect of serologic status and cesarean delivery on transmission rates of herpes simplex virus from mother to infant. JAMA. 2003;289(2):203-209.

Management of genital herpes in pregnancy: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 220. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;135(5):e193-e202.

Collections AAFP. Choosing Wisely recommendation 521. Don’t routinely send urine for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing from women if vaginal swab collection is possible. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/collections/choosing-wisely/521.html

Dixon BE, Price J, Valvi NR, et al. Treatment rates for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a metropolitan area: observational cohort analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2024;51(5):313-319.

Andersson N, Boman J, Nylander E. Rectal chlamydia – should screening be recommended in women? Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28(5):476-479.

Peuchant O, Lhomme E, Martinet P, et al.; CHLAZIDOXY Study Group. Doxycycline versus azithromycin for the treatment of anorectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women concurrent with vaginal infection (CHLAZIDOXY study): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, superiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(8):1221-1230.

Picker MA, Knoblock RJ, Hansen H, et al. Notes from the Field: first case in the United States of Neisseria gonorrhoeae harboring emerging mosaic penA60 allele, conferring reduced susceptibility to cefixime and ceftriaxone. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(49):1876-1877.

Golden MR, Whittington WLH, Handsfield HH, et al. Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(7):676-685.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Legal status of expedited partner therapy (EPT). https://www.cdc.gov/sti/php/ept-legal-status/

Yang KJ, Kojima N, Bristow CC, et al. Effectiveness of cefixime for the treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection at 3 anatomic sites: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2023;50(3):131-137.

Naumann G, Aigmüller T, Bader W, et al.; Diagnosis and therapy of female urinary incontinence. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k-Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/091, January 2022): part 1 with recommendations on diagnostics and conservative and medical treatment. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2023;83(4):377-409.

Lukacz ES, Santiago-Lastra Y, Albo ME, et al. Urinary incontinence in women: a review. JAMA. 2017;318(16):1592-1604.

Akbar A, Liu K, Michos ED, et al. Racial differences in urinary incontinence prevalence and associated bother: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224(1):80.e1-80.e9.

Blanco Gutiérrez V, Hundley VA, Way S. The experience of women from underrepresented groups with urinary incontinence: a systematic review. J Transcult Nurs. 2023;34(4):288-300.

Christmas MM, Iyer S, Daisy C, et al. Menopause hormone therapy and urinary symptoms: a systematic review. Menopause. 2023;30(6):672-685.

Ganesh A. Primary care approach to urinary incontinence in the elderly. Curr Med Issues. 2020;18(3):240-244.

Nambiar AK, Bosch R, Cruz F, et al. EAU guidelines on assessment and nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence. Eur Urol. 2018;73(4):596-609.

Bodmer NS, Wirth C, Birkhäuser V, et al. Randomised controlled trials assessing the clinical value of urodynamic studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2022;44:131-141.

Roberts K, Mahajan S. Management of urgency and mixed urinary incontinence. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2021;64(2):306-313.

Todhunter-Brown A, Hazelton C, Campbell P, et al. Conservative interventions for treating urinary incontinence in women: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022(9):CD012337.

Dumoulin C, Cacciari LP, Hay-Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment, or inactive control treatments, for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018(10):CD005654.

Wu YM, Welk B. Revisiting current treatment options for stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse: a contemporary literature review. Res Rep Urol. 2019;11:179-188.

Vaughan CP, Markland AD. Urinary incontinence in women. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(3):ITC17-ITC32.

Naumann G, Aigmüller T, Bader W, et al.; Diagnosis and therapy of female urinary incontinence. Guideline of the DGGG, OEGGG and SGGG (S2k Level, AWMF Registry No. 015/091, January 2022): part 2 with recommendations on interventional/surgical therapy of overactive bladder, surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence and diagnosis and therapy of iatrogenic urogenital fistula. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2023;83(4):410-436.

Kobashi KC, Vasavada S, Bloschichak A, et al. Updates to surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI): AUA/SUFU Guideline (2023). J Urol. 2023;209(6):1091-1098.

Saraswat L, Rehman H, Omar MI, et al. Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020(1):CD001754.

Freites J, Stewart F, Omar MI, et al. Laparoscopic colposuspension for urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019(12):CD002239.

Nambiar AK, Arlandis S, Bø K, et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of female non-neurogenic lower urinary tract symptoms. Part 1: Diagnostics, overactive bladder, stress urinary incontinence, and mixed urinary incontinence. Eur Urol. 2022;82(1):49-59.

Viera AJ, Larkins-Pettigrew M. Practical use of the pessary. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(9):2719-2726.

Joint writing group of the American Urogynecologic Society and the Society of Urologic Nurses and Associates. Vaginal pessary use and management for pelvic organ prolapse. Urogynecology (Phila). 2023;29(1):5-20.

Zillioux J, Welk B, Suskind AM, et al. SUFU white paper on overactive bladder anticholinergic medications and dementia risk. Neurourol Urodyn. 2022;41(8):1928-1933.

Gray SL, Anderson ML, Dublin S, et al. Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(3):401-407.

2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;71(7):2052-2081.

Staskin D, Frankel J, Varano S, et al. International phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo and active controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of vibegron in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder: EMPOWUR. J Urol. 2020;204(2):316-324.

Cody JD, Jacobs ML, Richardson K, et al. Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(10):CD001405.

Visco AG, Brubaker L, Richter HE, et al.; Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Anticholinergic therapy vs. onabotulinumtoxinA for urgency urinary incontinence. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1803-1813.

Drake MJ, Nitti VW, Ginsberg DA, et al. Comparative assessment of the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA and oral therapies (anticholinergics and mirabegron) for overactive bladder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2017;120(5):611-622.

Tilborghs S, De Wachter S. Sacral neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder: systematic review and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2022;19(2):161-187.

Hoe V, Haller B, Yao HH, et al. Urethral bulking agents for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review. Neurourol Urodyn. 2021;40(6):1349-1388.

Ford AA, Rogerson L, Cody JD, et al. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017(7):CD006375.

Imamura M, Hudson J, Wallace SA, et al. Surgical interventions for women with stress urinary incontinence: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019;365:l1842.

Clemens JQ, Erickson DR, Varela NP, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. J Urol. 2022;208(1):34-42.

Berry SH, Elliott MN, Suttorp M, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis among adult females in the United States. J Urol. 2011;186(2):540-544.

Suskind AM, Berry SH, Ewing BA, et al. The prevalence and overlap of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men: results of the RAND Interstitial Cystitis Epidemiology male study. J Urol. 2013;189(1):141-145.

Simon LJ, Landis JR, Erickson DR, et al. The Interstitial Cystitis Data Base Study: concepts and preliminary baseline descriptive statistics. Urology. 1997;49(5A suppl):64-75.

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Nickel JC, Tripp DA, Pontari M, et al. Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and associated medical conditions with an emphasis on irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Urol. 2010;184(4):1358-1363.

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Akiyama Y, Luo Y, Hanno PM, et al. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: the evolving landscape, animal models and future perspectives. Int J Urol. 2020;27(6):491-503.

Birder LA. Pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis. Int J Urol. 2019;26(suppl 1):12-15.

Yueh HZ, Yang MH, Huang JY, et al. Risk of autoimmune diseases in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:747098.

Birder L, Andersson KE. Urothelial signaling. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(2):653-680.

Jhang JF, Jiang YH, Kuo HC. Current understanding of the pathophysiology and novel treatments of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Biomedicines. 2022;10(10):2380.

Bjorling DE, Wang ZY, Bushman W. Models of inflammation of the lower urinary tract. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(5):673-682.

Walker SJ, Zambon J, Andersson KE, et al. Bladder capacity is a biomarker for a bladder centric versus systemic manifestation in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. J Urol. 2017;198(2):369-375.

Gil DW, Wang J, Gu C, et al. Role of sympathetic nervous system in rat model of chronic visceral pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;28(3):423-431.

Charrua A, Pinto R, Taylor A, et al. Can the adrenergic system be implicated in the pathophysiology of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis? A clinical and experimental study. Neurourol Urodyn. 2015;34(5):489-496.

Williams DP, Chelimsky G, McCabe NP, et al. Effects of chronic pelvic pain on heart rate variability in women. J Urol. 2015;194(5):1289-1294.

Tillisch K, Wang Z, Kilpatrick L, et al. Studying the brain-gut axis with pharmacological imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1144:256-264.

Kutch JJ, Ichesco E, Hampson JP, et al.; MAPP Research Network. Brain signature and functional impact of centralized pain: a multidisciplinary approach to the study of chronic pelvic pain (MAPP) network study. Pain. 2017;158(10):1979-1991.

Kullmann FA, McDonnell BM, Wolf-Johnston AS, et al. Stress-induced autonomic dysregulation of mitochondrial function in the rat urothelium. Neurourol Urodyn. 2019;38(2):572-581.

Sánchez-Domínguez B, Bullón P, Román-Malo L, et al. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and, inflammation common events in skin of patients with fibromyalgia. Mitochondrion. 2015;21:69-75.

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Lai HH, Pickersgill NA, Vetter JM. Hunner lesion phenotype in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol. 2020;204(3):518-523.

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Kim A, Han JY, Ryu CM, et al. Histopathological characteristics of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome without Hunner lesion. Histopathology. 2017;71(3):415-424.

Clemens JQ, Calhoun EA, Litwin MS, et al. Validation of a modified National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index to assess genitourinary pain in both men and women. Urology. 2009;74(5):983-987.e3.

Lim Y, Leslie SW, O’Rourke S. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570588/

Chermansky CJ, Guirguis MO. Pharmacologic management of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Urol Clin North Am. 2022;49(2):273-282.

Khalfay N, Lo E, Grisales T, et al. An analysis of stated insurance coverage and estimated patient-incurred costs of treatments for lower urinary tract symptoms. Urogynecology (Phila). 2023;29(2):287-294.

Davis EL, El Khoudary SR, Talbott EO, et al. Safety and efficacy of the use of intravesical and oral pentosan polysulfate sodium for interstitial cystitis: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Urol. 2008;179(1):177-185.

Sairanen J, Tammela TLJ, Leppilahti M, et al. Cyclosporine A and pentosan polysulfate sodium for the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a randomized comparative study. J Urol. 2005;174(6):2235-2238.

Nickel JC, Moldwin R, Lee S, et al. Intravesical alkalinized lidocaine (PSD597) offers sustained relief from symptoms of interstitial cystitis and painful bladder syndrome. BJU Int. 2009;103(7):910-918.

Parsons CL. Successful downregulation of bladder sensory nerves with combination of heparin and alkalinized lidocaine in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology. 2005;65(1):45-48.

Kuo HC. Urodynamic results of intravesical heparin therapy for women with frequency urgency syndrome and interstitial cystitis. J Formos Med Assoc. 2001;100(5):309-314.

Lee CL, Kuo HC. Intravesical botulinum toxin A injections do not benefit patients with ulcer type interstitial cystitis. Pain Physician. 2013;16(2):109-116.

Ueda T, Yoshida T, Tanoue H, et al. Urine alkalization improves the problems of pain and sleep in hypersensitive bladder syndrome. Int J Urol. 2014;21(5):512-517.

Drasa K. MP-03.11: Improvement of pain and sleep problems by urine alkalinization in patients with interstitial cystitis. Urology. 2010;76(3):S26.

Bosch PC. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of certolizumab pegol in women with refractory interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Eur Urol. 2018;74(5):623-630.

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