- Bynum WF. Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press; 1994.
- Hannaford I. Race: The History of an Idea in the West. Woodrow Wilson Center Press; 1996.
- Gossett TF. Race: The History of an Idea in America. Southern Methodist University Press; 1963.
- Fitzgerald KJ. Recognizing Race and Ethnicity: Power, Privilege, and Inequality. 4th ed. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group; 2023.
Wright JL, Davis WS, Joseph MM, et al.; AAP Board Committee on Equity. Eliminating race-based medicine. Pediatrics. 2022;150(1):e2022057998.
Yearby R. Race based medicine, colorblind disease: how racism in medicine harms us all. Am J Bioeth. 2021;21(2):19-27.
- Berkman LF, Kawachi I, Glymour MM, eds. Social Epidemiology. Oxford University Press; 2014.
- Eyler JM. Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr. Johns Hopkins University Press; 1979.
- Finer SE. The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick. Routledge; 1952.
- Watson R. Edwin Chadwick, Poor Law and Public Health. Longman Schools Division; 1965.
- Chadwick E, Richardson BW. The Health of Nations: A Review of the Works of Edwin Chadwick. Dawsons of Pall Mall; 1965.
- Braun L. Breathing Race into the Machine: the Surprising Career of the Spirometer from Plantation to Genetics. University of Minnesota Press; 2014.
- Gilman SL, ed. Race in Contemporary Medicine. Routledge; 2008.
- Pernick MS. A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism, and Anesthesia in Nineteenth-Century America. Columbia University Press; 1985.
- Schwalm LA. Medicine, Science, and Making Race in Civil War America. The University of North Carolina Press; 2023.
- Humphreys M. Intensely Human: The Health of the Black Soldier in the American Civil War. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2008.
- Epstein S. Inclusion: The Politics of Difference in Medical Research. University of Chicago Press; 2007.
- Revisions to OMB’s statistical policy directive no. 15. Fed Regist. 2024;89(62):22182-22196. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/03/29/2024-06469/revisions-to-ombs-statistical-policy-directive-no-15-standards-for-maintaining-collecting-and
Parker K, Morin R, Horowitz JM, et al. Multiracial in America: proud, diverse and growing in numbers. https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2015/06/2015-06-11_multiracial-in-america_final-updated.pdf
Jones CP, Truman BI, Elam-Evans LD, et al. Using “socially assigned race” to probe white advantages in health status. Ethn Dis. 2008;18(4):496-504.
Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS. Hidden in plain sight—reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(9):874-882.
Reddick B. Fallacies and dangers of practicing race-based medicine. Am Fam Physician. 2021;104(2):122-123.
- Derickson A. Black Lung. Cornell University Press; 1998.
- Rosental PA, ed. Silicosis: A World History. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2017.
- Rosner D, Markowitz G. Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Disease in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton University Press; 1991.
Nauman V. Tackling discrimination in the NFL. Wm & Mary Bus L Rev. 2023;14(2):489-513.
Burnett-Bowie SM, Wright NC, Yu EW, et al. The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research Task Force on Clinical Algorithms for Fracture Risk report. J Bone Miner Res. 2024;39(5):517-530.
Flack JM, Bitner S, Buhnerkempe M. Evolving the role of Black race in hypertension therapeutics. Am J Hypertens. 2024;37(10):739-744.
- House Committee on Ways & Means Majority Staff Report. Fact versus fiction: clinical decision support tools and the (mis)use of race. 2021. https://democrats-waysandmeans.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-waysandmeans.house.gov/files/documents/Fact%20Versus%20Fiction%20Clinical%20Decision%20Support%20Tools%20and%20the%20%28Mis%29Use%20of%20Race%20%282%29.pdf
Fink HA, Butler ME, Claussen AM, et al. Performance of fracture risk assessment tools by race and ethnicity. J Bone Miner Res. 2023;38(12):1731-1741.
Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Lorentzon M, et al. Race-specific FRAX models are evidence-based and support equitable care. Osteoporos Int. 2024;35(9):1487-1496.
Braun L. Race correction and spirometry. Chest. 2021;159(4):1670-1675.
Raynaud M, Al-Awadhi S, Juric I, et al. Race-free estimated glomerular filtration rate equation in kidney transplant recipients. BMJ. 2023;381:e073654.
Pierre CC, Marzinke MA, Ahmed SB, et al. AACC/NKF guidance document on improving equity in chronic kidney disease care. J Appl Lab Med. 2023;8(4):789-816.
Rysz J, Franczyk B, Rysz-Górzyńska M, et al. Pharmacogenomics of hypertension treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(13):4709.
Cooper-DeHoff RM, Johnson JA. Hypertension pharmacogenomics. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12(2):110-122.
Mabhida SE, Mashatola L, Kaur M, et al. Hypertension in African populations. Genes (Basel). 2021;12(4):532.
Bakkum MJ, Verdonk P, Thomas EG, et al. A clinical pharmacology and therapeutics teacher’s guide to race-based medicine, inclusivity, and diversity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2023;113(3):600-606.
Cooper RS, Amoah AGB, Mensah GA. High blood pressure: the foundation for epidemic cardiovascular disease in African populations. Ethn Dis. 2003;13(2 suppl 2):S48-S52.
Creber C, Cooper RS, Plange-Rhule J, et al. Independent association of resting energy expenditure with blood pressure. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018;18(1):4.
Dugas LR, Forrester TE, Plange-Rhule J, et al. Cardiovascular risk status of Afro-origin populations across the spectrum of economic development. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):438.
Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Adeyemo A, et al. Body size and blood pressure: an analysis of Africans and the African diaspora. Epidemiology. 2008;19(1):38-46.
Olanrewaju TO, Osafo C, Raji YR, et al. Cardiovascular risk factor burden and association with CKD in Ghana and Nigeria. Kidney Int Rep. 2022;8(3):658-666.
Lopes AA, James SA, Port FK, et al. Meeting the challenge to improve the treatment of hypertension in blacks. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2003;5(6):393-401.
Marmot MG, Syme SL, Kagan A, et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Am J Epidemiol. 1975;102(6):514-525.
Syme SL, Marmot MG, Kagan A, et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: introduction. Am J Epidemiol. 1975;102(6):477-480.
Robertson TL, Kato H, Gordon T, et al. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California. Am J Cardiol. 1977;39(2):244-249.
Cooper RS, Forrester TE, Plange-Rhule J, et al. Elevated hypertension risk for African-origin populations in biracial societies. J Hypertens. 2015;33(3):473-480.
Brondolo E, Love EE, Pencille M, et al. Racism and hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2011;24(5):518-529.
Hicken MT, Lee H, Morenoff J, et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension prevalence. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(1):117-123.
Marwaha K. Examining the role of psychosocial stressors in hypertension. J Prev Med Public Health. 2022;55(6):499-505.
Kapur G, Stenson AF, Chiodo LM, et al. Childhood violence exposure predicts high blood pressure in Black American young adults. J Pediatr. 2022;248:21-29.e1.
Kelli HM, Hammadah M, Ahmed H, et al. Association between living in food deserts and cardiovascular risk. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(9):e003532.
Makhlouf MHE, Motairek I, Chen Z, et al. Neighborhood walkability and cardiovascular risk in the United States. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023;48(3):101533.
Covassin N, Greene EL, Singh P, et al. Disparities in hypertension among African-Americans: implications of insufficient sleep. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018;20(7):57.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):1269-1324.
Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunström M, et al. 2023 ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA). J Hypertens. 2023;41(12):1874-2071.
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507-520.
Atekruse SF, Cosgrove C, Cronin K, et al. Comparing cancer registry abstracted and self-reported data on race and ethnicity. J Registry Manag. 2017;44(1):30-33.
Kernodle AB, Thompson V, Chen X, et al. Short report: race and ethnicity misclassification in kidney transplantation research. Transplant Direct. 2022;8(10):e1373.
Ostchega Y, Fryar CD, Nwankwo T, et al. Hypertension prevalence among adults aged 18 and over: United States, 2017-2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020(364):1-8.
Norris KC. Health insurance and blood pressure control. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(12):e005130.
Muntner P, Hardy ST, Fine LJ, et al. Trends in blood pressure control among US adults with hypertension, 1999-2000 to 2017-2018. JAMA. 2020;324(12):1190-1200.
Lebeau JP, Cadwallader JS, Vaillant-Roussel H, et al. General practitioners’ justifications for therapeutic inertia in cardiovascular prevention: an empirically grounded typology. BMJ Open. 2016;6(5):e010639.
Heisler M, Hogan MM, Hofer TP, et al. When more is not better: treatment intensification among hypertensive patients with poor medication adherence. Circulation. 2008;117(22):2884-2892.
Zulman DM, Kerr EA, Hofer TP, et al. Patient-provider concordance in the prioritization of health conditions among hypertensive diabetes patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2010;25(5):408-414.
Krein SL, Hofer TP, Holleman R, et al. More than a pain in the neck: how discussing chronic pain affects hypertension medication intensification. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(8):911-916.
Kerr EA, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Klamerus ML, et al. The role of clinical uncertainty in treatment decisions for diabetic patients with uncontrolled blood pressure. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(10):717-727.
Holt HK, Gildengorin G, Karliner L, et al. Differences in hypertension medication prescribing for Black Americans and their association with hypertension outcomes. J Am Board Fam Med. 2022;35(1):26-34.
Egan BM, Yang J, Rakotz MK, et al. Self-reported antihypertensive medication class and temporal relationship to treatment guidelines. Hypertension. 2022;79(2):338-348.
Council of Medical Specialty Societies. Reconsidering race in clinical algorithms. https://cmss.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/11279_CMSS_Report_FINAL.pdf
- Gronowicz G. Personalized Medicine: Promises and Pitfalls. Taylor and Francis; 2016.
- Walley T, Haycox A, Boland A, eds. Pharmacoeconomics. Churchill Livingstone; 2004.
Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al.; American College of Rheumatology. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(10):1431-1446.
Hung SI, Chung WH, Liou LB, et al. HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102(11):4134-4139.
Wechsler ME, Kunselman SJ, Chinchilli VM, et al. Effect of β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism on response to longacting β2 agonist in asthma (LARGE trial): a genotype-stratified, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9703):1754-1764.