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  • Describe the differential diagnosis of vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy.

  • Discuss the evaluation and treatment of patients experiencing vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy.

  • Explain the advantages of the 1-step and 2-step methods for gestational diabetes screening.

  • Summarize appropriate treatment for patients with gestational diabetes.

  • Define fetal growth restriction (FGR) and explain its diagnosis.

  • Describe the use of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in FGR management.

  • List the indications for antepartum fetal surveillance.

 

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