Apply the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of anemia in appropriate clinical populations to diagnose, classify, and determine the severity of anemia.

Understand the common causes of anemia and the three main mechanisms that lead to anemia: blood loss, decrease in red blood cell production, and destruction of red blood cells.

Refer adult patients with otherwise unexplained iron deficiency anemia for upper and lower endoscopy to assess for occult bleeding and malignancy.

Explain when iron deficiency anemia should be treated with intravenous vs oral iron.

Summarize the typical causes of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and folate deficiency, and explain how these conditions can lead to macrocytic anemia.

Rule out vitamin B₁₂ deficiency before or at the onset of folate supplementation to prevent progression of neurologic symptoms.

Describe the features, common causes, and recommended evaluation for suspected anemia of inflammation.

Discuss the typical findings and causes of hemolytic anemia.